Abstract

Near the end of the first century, era of the disciples, the doctrinal Controversies began to appear. A period of intense rivalry among various groups of Muslims who advocated divergent ways of understanding their religion with competing groups that held contrary views. Some "heretics," like the Kadrya, Jabrya, Morgeya, and the Jhmiah These outsiders typically urged one-faith extreme to the exclusion of another. The bulk of the study examines the textual tradition of the Qur'anic readings for variant readings that appear generated within the context of sect's polemics. In some instances, this requires extensive text-critical argumentation to distinguish the earliest form of the text. My focus, of course, on a set of debates that occupied Muslims of the first century-or at least the educated elite who left us our sources: the Effect of theological controversies on Qur'anic readings.